This Turkish sweet is made with a smooth, green, paste-like filling known as fıstık ezmesi (lit. pistachio butter). It is like a pistachio version of marzipan, and its bright green color is all-natural—it comes from the early-harvested Gaziantep pistachios. The delicious pistachio paste is wrapped around a single sheet of phyllo dough, just to hold its green goodness together, which is why this type of baklava is called either fıstıklı sarma or fıstıklı dürüm, meaning pistachio wrap or pistachio roll.
The ancient Anatolian city of Antep, today known as Gaziantep, is Türkiye's gastronomic capital famous for being home to the world’s finest pistachios and the delicious Antep baklavası. Originally an Ottoman legacy, baklava is regarded as one of the greatest creations from the pastry chefs at Topkapı Sarayı, the major royal residence of Ottoman sultans from the 15th to the 19th century. Baklava was traditionally prepared for Eid-al-Fitr, also known in Türkiye as Ramazan or Şeker Bayramı, a religious holiday when Muslims celebrate the ending of Ramadan, the Islamic holy month of fasting. Today, this Turkish treat is available year-round, and with more than 500 baklava bakeries in the city of Gaziantep, it is definitely not to be missed, especially during the pistachio harvest from midsummer to September, when these emerald-colored nuts are just the right size for baklava. To make this popular pastry, the finely crushed, genuine Gaziantep pistachios are generously spread between paper-thin sheets of phyllo dough which are brushed with melted butter and smeared with semolina cream. Antep baklava is then splashed with another dose of melted butter, baked, and finally, poured over with a hot sugar and lemon juice syrup. According to Turkish ustaları or master bakers, a well-baked baklava is tender, but at the same time has a perfect crunch to it. When divided with a fork, it makes a cracking sound which is not only a sign of freshness, but also a sign of the finest baklava, which isn't too sweet or heavy and leaves a heavenly taste in your mouth. Garnished with crushed pistachios, and often topped with kaymak, Turkish clotted cream, or a scoop of milk-flavored ice cream called kaymaklı dondurma, Antep baklava goes a long way: it can be enjoyed either with Turkish coffee in the morning or as a mid-afternoon treat with a cup of tea, but also as an after lunch or dinner dessert.
A type of sweet börek, katmer is a specialty of Gaziantep, or simply Antep – Türkiye's gastronomic capital and a rich melting pot of diverse cultures and cuisines nestled in southeastern Anatolia – an ancient city whose claim to fame is being home to world’s finest pistachios and the delicious Antep baklavası. Katmer is what most locals start their day with: in fact, there are bakeries and cafés in Gaziantep open from early morning until noon serving katmer for breakfast. Traditionally, it is also the first meal eaten by newlyweds after their first wedding night, as it represents the sweetness they hope to find in their marriage. Filled with pistachios and kaymak – Turkish clotted cream made with water buffalo milk, which is often referred to as kaymağın kaymağı, meaning crème de la crème – these flaky, crunchy pastries must be served fresh from the oven, while they're still warm. For a perfect Turkish breakfast, have your katmer drizzled with a little honey, sprinkled with crushed pistachios, and paired with a nice cup of tea.
Makroud el louse are flourless Algerian cookies consisting of almonds, eggs, sugar, and a flavoring of orange flower water. Baked until lightly browned, these cookies are typically tossed in powdered sugar in order to be completely coated. Once consumed, makroud el louse should melt in the mouth. It is recommended to serve these cookies with a cup of tea or coffee on the side.
Also known as vdolek, pecák or lopaták, Valašský frgál is a traditionally made, round-shaped sweet cake with toppings, produced in the Moravian Wallachia region in the south-eastern part of the Czech Republic. The cake has a diameter of about 30 centimetres and is golden in color when fully baked. On the surface, there is a crumble that can be additionally sprinkled with sugar, cinnamon, and gingerbread crumbs, or drizzled with butter. Nearly half of the finished product (42-48%) consists of the topping, which can be made from dried pears (the most popular variety), jam, fruits, curd cheese, poppy seeds, walnuts, cabbage, kohlrabi, or carrots. The toppings are never combined. Once the cake is finished, it weighs from 600 to 700 grammes in total and can be sold either fresh or frozen. The recipe for this delicacy dates back to 1826 and is associated with festive occasions such as weddings, Christmas, and Easter.
Kulfi is a traditional ice cream made with slowly simmered whole milk. Although the long-simmering process results in a loss of volume, it makes up for it with a delicious, nutty, caramelized flavor. The ice cream is characterized by its unusual, conical shape, a result of using traditional, special molds with tight-fitting lids. Kulfi is usually flavored with traditional Indian ingredients such as pistachio, rose water, and saffron, although some cooks prefer to flavor it with fruits such as berries. It is believed that kulfi was invented by the ancient inhabitants of the Himalayas during the Mughal Empire era. There are some main differences between kulfi and regular ice cream: kulfi has less air and is denser than regular ice cream, because the milk gets more concentrated through the cooking process. Today, kulfi can be made at home or found at street stalls, sold by vendors called kulfiwalas.
Badrijani is a heavily spiced Georgian dish consisting of eggplant slices that are coated with walnut paste, then shaped into small rolls. The eggplant slices are fried before serving, while the spread is prepared by combining ground walnuts, garlic, and fresh coriander. When served, the assembled rolls are arranged on a plate and topped with pomegranate seeds.
Fesenjān is a rich Persian stew that comes from the northern provinces of Iran, especially Gilan and Mazandaran along the Caspian Sea. Known for its distinctive combination of ground walnuts and pomegranate molasses, this dish is typically prepared with poultry such as duck or chicken, though lamb or beef can also be used. It is valued as one of the most refined examples of Iranian khoresh, offering a deep, tangy-sweet flavor profile that sets it apart from other Iranian stews. The documented history of fesenjān stretches back centuries, with references found in Persian culinary manuscripts describing the method of slow-cooking meat in nut pastes and fruit extracts. Its use of pomegranate, a fruit with ancient ties to Iranian agriculture and symbolism, points to the dish’s connection with pre-Islamic gastronomy and festive occasions. Over time, fesenjān became associated with family gatherings, celebrations, and autumn harvests when pomegranates are plentiful. To prepare fesenjān, cooks begin by finely grinding walnuts until they release their oils, forming a paste that will help thicken the sauce. The meat is seared lightly in oil and simmered slowly in the walnut base, which is diluted with water or stock. As the cooking progresses, pomegranate molasses is added gradually to achieve the characteristic balance of acidity and sweetness. The mixture must cook gently for several hours so the flavors develop fully and the walnuts release their richness, resulting in a thick, dark sauce that clings to each piece of meat. The final seasoning may include a touch of sugar if the pomegranate is especially tart, and occasionally saffron or cinnamon is stirred in to deepen the aroma. This stew is always served hot, ladled over a mound of steaming Persian rice (chelo), with the contrasting textures of fluffy grains and the glossy, walnut-laden sauce. Fesenjān is often presented on special occasions, such as weddings or religious celebrations. Beyond Iran’s borders, fesenjān has drawn the interest of chefs who admire its layered taste and the technique of cooking with nuts as a primary thickener. Its inclusion in cookbooks and restaurant menus highlights the diversity of Iranian regional cooking, which is far broader than many realize. In homes, it remains a dish associated with care and patience, cooked slowly to achieve the exact consistency and flavor that generations have come to expect.
The remarkable baklava is a luscious dessert created with layers of thin phyllo dough intertwined with chopped nuts, all doused in a sweet, viscous syrup. The popularity of baklava has long surpassed borders, regions, and ethnic groups to become a dessert whose origin and invention is claimed by numerous countries. It is probable that it has an Assyrian origin, dating back to the 8th century, from where it spread out throughout the region all the way to Greece. The Greeks altered the recipe and created the thin sheets, known today as phyllo dough, but modern-day baklava is believed to be an original Turkish creation. However, it is almost impossible to pinpoint baklava's exact place of origin, and the debate about its authenticity is still going on between Türkiye and Greece. Traditionally, baklava is made with sheets of paper-thin pastry at the bottom, followed by chopped nuts which are then topped with additional pastry layers. The other traditional way suggests alternating layers of phyllo dough with layers of chopped nuts. The original and authentic baklava should always have a nut-based filling, most commonly walnuts, hazelnuts, or pistachios, but modern versions have introduced unusual fillings such as apricots, chocolate, and even ground cookies. The dessert is typically prepared in large trays, and it is then sliced into squares, triangles, or diamond shapes before being doused in a luscious syrup made with water and sugar or honey. Very often, the syrup is flavored with sliced lemon, rose water, cinnamon, or cardamom. It is supposed to cover the entire tray and keep the delicate pastry succulent, creating a sweet and juicy cover around it. Iranian or Persian baklava differentiates itself because it is drier and lighter than other regional varieties, and it is often flavored with rose water. Even though it was once regarded as a decadent treat that was mostly enjoyed by the aristocracy, the famous baklava is now a traditional pastry and a dessert offered in numerous Oriental, Turkish, or Greek restaurants. It is also often found in pastry shops across the Balkan region all the way to the Middle East.
Zeytoon parvardeh is an olive-based appetizer originating in Iran’s northern Caspian region, particularly the province of Gilan. Known for combining pitted green olives with pomegranate molasses, walnuts, garlic, and herbs, it balances tangy, earthy, and aromatic notes that reflect the diverse agricultural produce of the area. The dish belongs to the group of flavorful mezze and accompaniments that characterize Gilani cuisine, where local olives are cultivated in abundance near the coastal plains. The history of zeytoon parvardeh is tied to the long-standing cultivation of olives and pomegranates in northern Iran. The Caspian provinces have been centers of horticulture for centuries, benefiting from humid subtropical weather and fertile soils. Olives were introduced to the region many generations ago and became a staple crop, integrated into recipes that made use of other locally available ingredients such as walnuts and aromatic herbs. Over time, families developed their own versions of the seasoned olive mixture, often preparing it in small batches to serve with meals or offer to guests. Preparation starts with high-quality green olives that are rinsed, drained, and sometimes pitted, depending on preference. Walnuts are finely ground or chopped to a coarse texture, then mixed with crushed garlic and fresh herbs, usually mint and sometimes savory or cilantro. Pomegranate molasses is stirred in to create a sweet and sour base that clings to the olives. A touch of salt, sometimes a squeeze of fresh lemon juice, and a drizzle of olive oil complete the mixture. The ingredients are combined thoroughly so that the flavors soak into the olives, then the dish is covered and left to rest in the refrigerator for several hours or overnight. In Gilan, zeytoon parvardeh is a common feature of meals served alongside rice dishes, kebabs, or fish. Some households also offer it as an appetizer with flatbread. The dish stands out for its combination of textures: the firmness of the olives, the crunch of walnuts, and the syrupy richness of the pomegranate molasses. Although it is sometimes prepared fresh, many cooks believe it tastes better after sitting for a day so the flavors meld. Today, zeytoon parvardeh remains widely eaten in northern Iran and has gained popularity in other parts of the country as a specialty product often sold in jars at markets or brought home as a souvenir from trips to the Caspian coast. It is enjoyed both at family gatherings and in restaurants that showcase Gilani cooking, where it is valued for its vibrant taste and connection to the region’s agricultural traditions.
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